I te 15 o Poutū-te-rangi, i whakaaetia tuatahitia te tikanga whakahaere rohe waro (CBAM, e mōhiotia ana ko te tari waro o te EU) e te Kaunihera o te EU. E whakamaheretia ana kia whakatinanahia mana mai i te 1 o Hānuere, 2023, e whakatakoto ana i tētahi wā whakawhiti e toru tau te roa. I taua rā anō, i te hui a te komiti take ōhanga me te pūtea (Ecofin) o te Kaunihera o Europi, i whakaaetia e ngā minita pūtea o ngā whenua 27 o te EU te tono tari waro a Parani, te perehitini hurihuri o te Kaunihera o Europi. Ko te tikanga tēnei e tautoko ana ngā Whenua Mema o te EU i te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa here tari waro. Hei tono tuatahi o te ao ki te whakatau i te huringa āhuarangi i roto i te ahua o ngā tari waro, ka whai pānga whānui te tikanga whakahaere rohe waro ki te hokohoko o te Ao. E matapaetia ana i te marama o Hūrae o tēnei tau, ka uru te tari waro o te EU ki te wāhanga whiriwhiringa tokotoru i waenganui i te Komihana o Europi, te Kaunihera o Europi me te Paremata o Europi. Mēnā ka pai te haere, ka whakaaetia te tuhinga ture whakamutunga.
Kāore anō kia whakatinanahia te ariā o te "taripa waro" i runga i te tauine nui mai i tōna whakatinanatanga i ngā tau 1990. E whakapono ana ētahi tohunga ko te taripa waro o te EU he taripa kawemai motuhake hei hoko i te raihana kawemai a te EU, he taake kai ā-rohe rānei e tangohia ana i runga i te ihirangi waro o ngā hua kawemai, koinei tētahi o ngā kī ki te angitu o te whakaaetanga hou matomato a te EU. E ai ki ngā whakaritenga taripa waro a te EU, ka tangohia e ia ngā taake ki runga i te maitai, te sima, te konumohe me ngā maniua matū e kawemai ana mai i ngā whenua me ngā rohe he iti noa ngā here tukunga waro. Ko te wā whakawhiti o tēnei tikanga mai i te tau 2023 ki te 2025. I roto i te wā whakawhiti, kāore he take ki te utu i ngā utu e rite ana, engari me tuku e ngā kawemai ngā tiwhikete o te nui o te kawemai hua, ngā tukunga waro me ngā tukunga kore tika, me ngā utu e pā ana ki te tukunga waro e utua ana e ngā hua i te whenua taketake. I muri i te mutunga o te wā whakawhiti, ka utua e ngā kawemai ngā utu e tika ana mō ngā tukunga waro o ngā hua kawemai. I tēnei wā, kua hiahiatia e te EU ngā umanga ki te aromatawai, ki te tatau me te ripoata i te utu o te tapuwae waro o ngā hua e rātou anō. He aha te pānga o te whakatinanatanga o te taripa waro o te EU? He aha ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o ngā tāke waro o te EU? Ka tātarihia pototia tēnei e tēnei pepa.
Ka tere ake tā mātou whakapai ake i te mākete waro
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau, i raro i ngā tauira rerekē me ngā reiti taake rerekē, ka whakaitihia e te kohi o ngā taripa waro a te EU te tapeke o te hokohoko a Haina ki a Ūropi mā te 10% ~ 20%. E ai ki te matapae a te Komihana o Ūropi, ka kawea mai e ngā taripa waro te 4 piriona euros ki te 15 piriona euros o te "moni tāpiri" ki te EU i ia tau, ā, ka whakaatu i te pikinga o te auau i ia tau i roto i tētahi wā. Ka arotahi te EU ki ngā taripa mō te konumohe, te tongi matū, te maitai me te hiko. E whakapono ana ētahi tohunga ka "ringihia" e te EU ngā taripa waro ki ētahi atu whenua mā roto i ngā whakaritenga whakahaere, kia nui ake ai te pānga ki ngā mahi hokohoko a Haina.
I te tau 2021, ko te tapeke o ngā kaweake maitai a Haina ki ngā whenua 27 o te EU me te UK ko te 3.184 miriona tana, he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau o te 52.4%. E ai ki te utu o te 50 euros/tana i te mākete waro i te tau 2021, ka whakatakoto te EU i te tari waro o te 159.2 miriona euros mō ngā hua maitai a Haina. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia ake te painga utu o ngā hua maitai a Haina e kaweake ana ki te EU. I taua wā anō, ka whakatairangahia hoki te umanga maitai o Haina kia tere ake ai te tere o te tango waro me te tere ake o te whanaketanga o te mākete waro. I raro i te awe o ngā whakaritenga whāinga o te āhuatanga o te ao me te tono tuturu a ngā umanga Haina kia kaha te urupare ki te tikanga ture rohe waro a te EU, kei te piki haere tonu te pēhanga hanga o te mākete waro o Haina. He take me tino whakaaroarohia kia tere ai te whakatairanga i te umanga rino me te maitai me ētahi atu umanga kia whakaurua ki te pūnaha hokohoko tukunga waro. Mā te whakateretere i te hanganga me te whakapai ake i te mākete waro, mā te whakaiti i te nui o ngā taripa me utu e ngā umanga Hainamana mō te kaweake i ngā hua ki te mākete o te EU ka taea hoki te karo i te taake takirua.
Whakaohokia te tipu o te hiahia mō te hiko matomato
E ai ki te whakaaro hou kua whakaaetia, ko te utu waro o te EU anake e whakaae ana ki te utu waro mārama, ka tino whakaoho i te tipu o te tono hiko matomato o Haina. I tēnei wā, kāore i te mōhiotia mēnā ka whakaae te EU ki te whakahekenga tukunga kua whakamanahia ā-motu a Haina (CCER). Ki te kore te mākete waro o te EU e whakaae ki te CCER, tuatahi, ka ārai i ngā umanga kaweake o Haina ki te hoko CCER hei utu i ngā herenga, tuarua, ka kore e nui ngā herenga waro me te pikinga o ngā utu waro, ā, tuatoru, ka hiahia ngā umanga kaweake ki te kimi kaupapa whakaheke tukunga iti te utu ka taea te whakakī i te āputa herenga. I runga i te kaupapa here whanaketanga me te kai pūngao whakahou i raro i te rautaki "waro takirua" a Haina, kua kitea te kai hiko matomato hei whiringa pai mō ngā umanga ki te whakatau i ngā herenga waro o te EU. Me te tipu tonu o te tono a ngā kaihoko, ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa tēnei ki te whakapai ake i te kaha kai o te pūngao whakahou, engari ka whakaoho hoki i ngā umanga ki te haumi ki te whakaputa hiko pūngao whakahou.
Whakatereterehia te tiwhikete o ngā hua waro-iti me te kore waro
I tēnei wā, kua whakarewahia e ArcelorMittal, he umanga maitai Pākehā, te tiwhikete maitai kore waro mā te mahere xcarbtm, kua whakarewahia e ThyssenKrupp te blueminttm, he waitohu maitai iti-tukunga waro, ko Nucor steel, he umanga maitai o Amerika, kua whakaarohia te kore waro maitai econiqtm, ā, kua whakaarohia hoki e Schnitzer steel te GRN steeltm, he rauemi pae me te waea. I raro i te papamuri o te tere o te whakatinanatanga o te whakakorenga waro i te ao, kua whakaputahia e ngā umanga rino me te maitai o Haina a Baowu, Hegang, Anshan Iron and steel, Jianlong, me ētahi atu te mahere whakakorenga waro, me te whai i te tere o ngā umanga matatau o te ao i roto i te rangahau i ngā otinga hangarau hou, me te whai kia eke ki runga ake.
He maha tonu ngā arai e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga tuturu
He maha tonu ngā arai ki te whakatinanatanga tuturu o te tari waro a te EU, ā, ko te pūnaha rohenga waro kore utu ka noho hei tetahi o ngā arai matua ki te whakamana i te taringa waro. Tae noa ki te mutunga o te tau 2019, neke atu i te haurua o ngā umanga i roto i te pūnaha hokohoko waro a te EU kei te whiwhi tonu i ngā rohenga waro kore utu. Ka whakapohehe tēnei i te whakataetae, ā, kāore e hangai ana ki te mahere a te EU ki te whakatutuki i te kore utu waro i te tau 2050.
Hei tāpiritanga, e tumanako ana te EU mā te whakatakoto i ngā taripa waro me ngā utu waro ā-roto rite tonu ki ngā hua kawemai rite tonu, ka whai kia hototahi ki ngā ture e tika ana o te whakahaere hokohoko o te ao, inā koa te Tuhinga 1 (te mana whakahaere i te iwi tino pai) me te Tuhinga 3 (te mātāpono kore whakahāwea mō ngā hua rite) o te whakaaetanga whānui mō ngā Taripa me te hokohoko (GATT).
Ko te umanga rino me te maitai te umanga e nui rawa ana te tukunga waro i roto i te ōhanga ahumahi o te ao. I taua wā anō, he roa te mekameka ahumahi o te umanga rino me te maitai, ā, he whānui hoki te awe. He nui ngā wero e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa here utu waro i roto i tēnei umanga. Ko te whakaaro a te EU mō te "tipu matomato me te panonitanga mamati" he mea nui hei whakarei ake i te whakataetae o ngā ahumahi tuku iho pēnei i te umanga maitai. I te tau 2021, ko te putanga maitai mata o te EU he 152.5 miriona tana, ā, ko te putanga o te katoa o Ūropi he 203.7 miriona tana, me te pikinga tau-ki-te-tau o te 13.7%, e 10.4% o te putanga maitai mata katoa o te ao. Ka taea te whakaaro kei te ngana hoki te kaupapa here utu waro a te EU ki te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha hokohoko hou, ki te whakatakoto ture hokohoko hou mō te aro ki te huringa āhuarangi me te whanaketanga ahumahi, me te whai kia whakaurua ki roto i te pūnaha whakahaere hokohoko o te ao kia whai hua ai ki te EU.
Ko te tikanga, he arai hokohoko hou te tari waro, e whai ana kia tiakina te tika o te EU, tae atu ki te mākete maitai o Ūropi. E toru tau tonu te roa o te wā whakawhiti i mua i te whakatinanatanga o te tari waro o te EU. He wā tonu mō ngā whenua me ngā umanga ki te whakatakoto i ngā mahi ārai. Ka piki ake, ka kore rānei e heke te mana here o ngā ture o te ao mō ngā tukunga waro. Ka whai wāhi kaha te umanga rino me te maitai o Haina, ā, ka āta whakahaere i te tika ki te kōrero, he mahere whanaketanga mō te wā roa. Mō ngā umanga rino me te maitai, ko te rautaki tino whai hua ko te whai i te huarahi o te whanaketanga matomato me te iti-waro, te aro ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whanaketanga me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga, te whakateretere i te whakawhiti o te kaha nekeneke tawhito me te hou, te whakawhanake kaha i te kaha hou, te whakateretere i te whanaketanga o te hangarau matomato me te whakapai ake i te whakataetae o te mākete o te ao.