I te tau 2019, ko te whakamahinga kitea o te maitai mata o te ao he 1.89 piriona tana, ā, ko te whakamahinga kitea o te maitai mata o Haina he 950 miriona tana, e 50% o te katoa o te ao. I te tau 2019, i eke te whakamahinga kitea o te maitai mata o Haina ki te taumata teitei rawa atu, ā, ko te whakamahinga kitea o te maitai mata mō ia tangata i eke ki te 659 kg. Mai i ngā wheako whanaketanga o ngā whenua whakawhanake i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika, ina eke te whakamahinga kitea o te maitai mata mō ia tangata ki te 500 kg, ka heke te taumata whakamahinga. Nō reira, e taea te matapae kua eke te taumata whakamahinga kitea o te maitai o Haina ki te tihi, ka uru ki tētahi wā pumau, ā, ka heke te tono. I te tau 2020, ko te whakamahinga kitea o te maitai mata o te ao me te putanga he 1.89 piriona tana me te 1.88 piriona tana. Ko te nui o te maitai mata i hangaia me te rino hei rauemi mata matua he tata ki te 1.31 piriona tana, me te whakapau i te 2.33 piriona tana o te rino, he iti iho i te putanga o te 2.4 piriona tana o te rino i taua tau anō.
Mā te tātari i te putanga o te maitai mata me te whakamahinga o te maitai kua oti te hanga, ka taea te whakaata i te hiahia o te mākete mō te rino. Hei āwhina i ngā kaipānui ki te mārama ake ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā mea e toru, ka tātarihia e tēnei pepa he tirohanga poto mai i ngā āhuatanga e toru: te putanga o te maitai mata o te ao, te whakamahinga āhua me te tikanga utu mō te rino o te ao.
Te whakaputanga maitai mata o te ao
I te tau 2020, ko te putanga maitai mata o te ao he 1.88 piriona tana. Ko te putanga maitai mata o Haina, Īnia, Hapani, Te Hononga o Amerika, Rūhia me Kōrea ki te Tonga i eke ki te 56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% me te 3.6% o te putanga katoa o te ao, ā, ko te putanga maitai mata katoa o ngā whenua e ono i eke ki te 77.5% o te putanga katoa o te ao. I te tau 2020, i piki ake te putanga maitai mata o te ao mā te 30.8% i ia tau.
Ko te nui o te hanga maitai mata o Haina i te tau 2020 he 1.065 piriona tana. Whai muri i te pakaru i te 100 miriona tana mō te wā tuatahi i te tau 1996, ka eke te hanga maitai mata o Haina ki te 490 miriona tana i te tau 2007, neke atu i te whā whakarea i roto i ngā tau 12, me te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te 14.2%. Mai i te tau 2001 ki te 2007, ka eke te tere tipu ā-tau ki te 21.1%, ka eke ki te 27.2% (2004). Whai muri i te tau 2007, i pāngia e te raruraru pūtea, ngā here whakaputa me ētahi atu āhuatanga, ka puhoi te tere tipu o te hanga maitai mata o Haina, ā, i whakaatu i te tipu kino i te tau 2015. Nō reira, ka kitea kua pahemo te wāhanga tere o te whanaketanga rino me te maitai o Haina, he iti te tipu whakaputa ā muri ake nei, ā, i te mutunga ka puta he tipu kino.
Mai i te tau 2010 ki te tau 2020, ko te tere tipu o te whakaputanga maitai mata o Īnia te tuarua ki a Haina anake, me te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te 3.8%; Neke atu i te 100 miriona tana te whakaputanga maitai mata mō te wā tuatahi i te tau 2017, koia te tuarima o ngā whenua me te whakaputanga maitai mata neke atu i te 100 miriona tana i roto i te hītori, ā, i hipa atu i a Hapani i te tau 2018, koia te tuarua o te ao.
Ko te Hononga o Amerika te whenua tuatahi me te whakaputanga ā-tau o te 100 miriona tana o te maitai mata (neke atu i te 100 miriona tana o te maitai mata i tutukihia mō te wā tuatahi i te tau 1953), ā, i eke ki te putanga mōrahi o te 137 miriona tana i te tau 1973, koia te tuatahi o te ao mō te whakaputanga maitai mata mai i te tau 1950 ki te 1972. Heoi, mai i te tau 1982, kua heke te whakaputanga o te maitai mata i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, ko te whakaputanga o te maitai mata i te tau 2020 he 72.7 miriona tana anake.
Te whakamahinga o te maitai mata i te ao
I te tau 2019, ko te whakamahinga ā-ao o te maitai mata he 1.89 piriona tana. Ko te whakamahinga ā-ao o te maitai mata i Haina, Īnia, te Hononga o Amerika, Hapani, Kōrea ki te Tonga me Rūhia i ahu mai i te 50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% me te 2.5% o te tapeke o te ao. I te tau 2019, i piki ake te whakamahinga ā-ao o te maitai mata mā te 52.7% i tērā tau 2009, me te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te 4.3%.
Ko te whakamahinga o te maitai mata a Haina i te tau 2019 e tata ana ki te 1 piriona tana. Whai muri i te pakaru i te 100 miriona tana mō te wā tuatahi i te tau 1993, ko te whakamahinga o te maitai mata a Haina i neke atu i te 200 miriona tana i te tau 2002, kātahi ka uru ki tētahi wā tipu tere, tae atu ki te 570 miriona tana i te tau 2009, he pikinga 179.2% i runga ake i te tau 2002 me te tere tipu toharite ā-tau o te 15.8%. Whai muri i te tau 2009, nā te raruraru pūtea me te whakatikatika ōhanga, ka puhoi te tipu o te tono. Ko te whakamahinga o te maitai mata a Haina i whakaatu i te tipu kino i te tau 2014 me te 2015, ā, ka hoki ki te tipu pai i te tau 2016, engari i puhoi te tipu i ngā tau tata nei.
Ko te nui o te maitai mata i whakamahia e Īnia i te tau 2019 he 108.86 miriona tana, he nui ake i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, ko ia te tuarua o te ao. I te tau 2019, i piki ake te nui o te maitai mata i whakamahia e Īnia mā te 69.1% i tērā tau 2009, me te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te 5.4%, koia te tuatahi o te ao i taua wā anō.
Ko te Hononga o Amerika te whenua tuatahi o te ao e kitea ana te whakamahinga o te maitai mata e neke atu ana i te 100 miriona tana, ā, ko ia te tuatahi o te ao mō ngā tau maha. Nā te pānga o te raruraru pūtea o te tau 2008, i tino heke te whakamahinga o te maitai mata i te Hononga o Amerika i te tau 2009, tata ki te 1/3 te iti iho i tērā i te tau 2008, arā, 69.4 miriona tana anake. Mai i te tau 1993, ko te whakamahinga o te maitai mata i te Hononga o Amerika he iti iho i te 100 miriona tana i ngā tau 2009 me 2010 anake.
Te whakamahinga ā-mō ia tangata o te maitai mata o te ao
I te tau 2019, ko te nui o te maitai mata e whakamahia ana e ia tangata i te ao he 245 kg. Ko Kōrea ki te Tonga te nui rawa o te maitai mata e whakamahia ana e ia tangata (1082 kg/tangata). Ko ētahi atu whenua nui e whakamahi ana i te maitai mata he nui ake te nui o te maitai mata e whakamahia ana e ia tangata ko Haina (659 kg/tangata), Hapani (550 kg/tangata), Tiamana (443 kg/tangata), Turkey (332 kg/tangata), Rūhia (322 kg/tangata) me te Hononga o Amerika (265 kg/tangata).
Ko te ahumahi he tukanga e hurihia ai e te tangata ngā rauemi taiao hei taonga pāpori. Ina kohia te taonga pāpori ki tētahi taumata, ā, ina tae te ahumahi ki tētahi wā pakari, ka puta he huringa nui ki te hanganga ōhanga, ka tīmata te heke o te kai o te maitai mata me ngā rauemi kohuke nui, ā, ka puhoi hoki te tere o te kai pūngao. Hei tauira, ko te kai kitea o te maitai mata mō ia tangata i te United States i noho tonu ki tētahi taumata teitei i ngā tau 1970, tae atu ki te 711 kg (1973). Mai i taua wā, ka tīmata te heke o te kai kitea o te maitai mata mō ia tangata i te United States, me te hekenga nui mai i ngā tau 1980 ki ngā tau 1990. I heke ki raro (226kg) i te tau 2009, ā, ka hoki mārire ki te 330kg tae noa ki te tau 2019.
I te tau 2020, ko te taupori katoa o Īnia, o Amerika ki te Tonga me Āwherika ka eke ki te 1.37 piriona, 650 miriona me te 1.29 piriona, koinei te wāhi matua e tipu ai te tono mō te maitai ā muri ake nei, engari ka whakawhirinaki ki te whanaketanga ōhanga o ngā whenua rerekē i taua wā.
Te tikanga utu mō te rino o te ao
Ko te tikanga utu mō te rino o te ao whānui ko te utu hononga roa me te utu taupū. Ko te utu hononga roa te tikanga utu nui rawa atu o te rino i te ao i mua. Ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te herea e te taha tuku me te taha tono o te rino i te nui o te tuku, te nui rānei o te hoko mā roto i ngā kirimana roa. Ko te roanga o te wā he 5-10 tau, he 20-30 tau rānei, engari kāore te utu i te pumau. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1980, kua rerekē te paearu utu o te tikanga utu hononga roa mai i te utu FOB taketake ki te utu rongonui me te utanga moana.
Ko te tikanga utu o te tikanga utu hononga roa, i ia tau pūtea, ka whiriwhiri ngā kaiwhakarato rino nui o te ao me ā rātou kiritaki matua ki te whakatau i te utu rino mō te tau pūtea e whai ake nei. Kia whakatauhia te utu, me whakatinana e ngā taha e rua i roto i te tau kotahi e ai ki te utu kua whiriwhiria. Kia tae tetahi taha o te kaitono rino me tetahi taha o te kaiwhakarato rino ki tētahi whakaaetanga, ka mutu ngā whiriwhiringa, ā, mai i taua wā ka whakatauhia te utu rino o te ao. Ko tēnei momo whiriwhiringa ko te "tīmatanga whai i te ia". Ko te paearu utu ko te FOB. Ko te pikinga o te rino o te kounga ōrite puta noa i te ao he ōrite, arā, "FOB, pikinga ōrite".
I te tau 1980 ki te 20 tāne te nui o te utu o te rino i Hapani i te mākete rino o te ao i waenga i ngā tau 1980 me te 2001. Whai muri i te urunga ki te rautau 21, ka tupu te umanga rino me te maitai o Haina, ā, ka tīmata te pānga nui ki te tauira tuku me te tono o te rino o te ao. Kāore i taea e te hanga rino te whakatutuki i te tere o te tipu o te kaha hanga rino me te maitai o te ao, ā, ka tīmata te piki tere o ngā utu rino o te ao, ka whakatakoto i te turanga mō te "hekenga" o te tikanga utu whakaaetanga roa.
I te tau 2008, ka tīmata a BHP, Vale me Rio Tinto ki te rapu tikanga utu e whai hua ana ki ō rātou ake hiahia. Whai muri i te whiriwhiringa a Vale i te utu tuatahi, ka whawhai a Rio Tinto mō te pikinga nui ake anake, ā, ka pakaru te tauira "whai muri tuatahi" mō te wā tuatahi. I te tau 2009, whai muri i te whakaūnga o ngā mira maitai i Hapani me Kōrea ki te Tonga i te "utu tīmatanga" me ngā kaimaina nui e toru, kāore a Haina i whakaae ki te hekenga 33%, engari i tae ki tētahi whakaaetanga me FMG mō tētahi utu iti iho. Mai i taua wā, ka mutu mana te tauira "tīmata whai i te ia", ā, ka puta te tikanga utu taupū.
I tēnei wā, ko ngā taupū rino e tukuna ana i te ao whānui ko te Platts iodex, te taupū TSI, te taupū mbio me te taupū utu rino o Haina (ciopi). Mai i te tau 2010, kua whiriwhiria te taupū Platts e BHP, Vale, FMG me Rio Tinto hei pūtake mō te utu rino o te ao. I tukuna te taupū mbio e te British metal herald i te marama o Mei 2009, i runga i te utu o te rino 62% te karaehe i te tauranga o Qingdao, Haina (CFR). I tukuna te taupū TSI e te kamupene Piritana SBB i te marama o Āperira 2006. I tēnei wā, ka whakamahia noa hei pūtake mō te whakataunga o ngā tauwhitinga whakawhiti rino i runga i ngā whakawhitinga o Singapore me Chicago, ā, kāore he pānga ki te mākete hokohoko wāhi o te rino. I tukuna ngātahitia te taupū utu rino o Haina e te China Iron and Steel Industry Association, te China Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce me te China Metallurgical and mining enterprises association. I whakamātauria i te marama o Ākuhata 2011. E rua ngā taupū iti o te tātaitai utu rino o Haina: te tātaitai utu rino ā-rohe me te tātaitai utu rino kawemai, e rua i ahu mai i te utu i te marama o Āperira 1994 (100 ngā tohu).
I te tau 2011, ko te utu o te rino kawemai i Haina i neke atu i te US $190 / tana maroke, he rekoata teitei rawa atu, ā, ko te utu toharite ā-tau o taua tau ko te US $162.3 / tana maroke. Nō muri mai, ka tīmata te heke o te utu o te rino kawemai i Haina i ia tau, ā, ka tae ki te raro rawa i te tau 2016, me te utu toharite ā-tau o te US $51.4 / tana maroke. Whai muri i te tau 2016, ka āta piki ake te utu o te rino kawemai o Haina. I te tau 2021, ko te utu toharite mō ngā tau 3, te utu toharite mō ngā tau 5 me te utu toharite mō ngā tau 10 he 109.1 USD / tana maroke, 93.2 USD / tana maroke me te 94.6 USD / tana maroke.